Foraging Wild Weeds & Seasonal Greens

By Susan Belsinger

Wild weed saladSpringtime is my favorite time of year because the earth awakens and sends up green growing plants, which provide us with the first garden harvests: spring tonic weeds packed full of nutrients and vitamins. I do forage quite a bit on my own wherever I might be, however it is much more fun to herborize with friends. I co-teach a “Wild Weeds and Seasonal Greens” class with fellow herbalist, Tina Marie Wilcox. Some of the info in this intro, we co-authored together when collaborating on our classes. 

I quite agree with this thoughtful and heartfelt quote by John Forti from The Heirloom Gardener: “When I forage, I feel I am rediscovering forgotten places and gifts left by the people who lived here before me. Establishing a connection to place as deep as the native plants I encounter, and as far flung as the immigrants who settled and brought the plants they loved to the landscape before me. Generations of recipes, customs, and seasonal foodways.” 

Washing foraged greensWhile I forage berries, roots, bark, seeds and nuts, I am concentrating on wild weeds, greens and flowers here. Wild, edible greens are powerful, good food and offer a variety of flavors for free. Wise gardeners and farmers the world over use many of the plants that have successfully colonized the soil as beneficial allies. This is in sharp contrast to modern landscape and agriculture methods that strive to completely control the species of plants growing on the land, regarding all volunteers as weeds. 

To be safe, harvest wild greens from areas that you know are not contaminated with toxic chemicals and are not close to a highway where they could be polluted from exhaust. The wild greens listed below are often found growing as weeds in vegetable gardens or nearby along a wood’s edge. 

You must be certain to correctly identify all plants before gathering and eating them; it is your responsibility to practice safety. It is a great pleasure to harvest healthy food from the wild, and even more fun if you are botanizing with other like-minded individuals, who are experienced wild weed purveyors. Then you can work together to find these plants and identify them correctly. Note: the same rules apply for foraging mushrooms at which I am a novice—I know of a certain few in my neck of the woods—however, I don’t harvest mushrooms that I do not know unless I am with an expert. 

Wilted foraged greensAlso, it is good to be aware of the optimum time to harvest the different plant parts, noted by Rosalee de la Forêt and Emily Han in their wonderful book Wild Remedies: “As a general guideline, harvest when the energy is in the part of the plant you’d like to use. For example, gather leaves while they are vibrant and fresh looking, before the plant flowers. Harvest flowers just before or shortly after bloom. Collect fruits when ripe, and seeds when ripe and dry. Dig roots when the energy of the plant has died back, between late summer and early spring.”

You will need a gathering pouch or sack (good to have your hands free) in which to put your bounty as you harvest and gather, as well as your choice of cutting tools to cut the plant material with: pruners, garden shears or a sharp knife. Gloves are of utmost importance if gathering nettles or rubus. Always remember to harvest carefully and thoughtfully; never harvest the first plants that you see, never harvest all of a patch of plants—do not overharvest—take what you need and leave plenty of plants left behind.  

To quickly capture the best flavor and nutrients, bring the greens to the kitchen as soon as they are harvested. Assemble a salad spinner or washing bowl, a cutting board and a compost bucket. Fill the spinner or bowl with fresh water and add about 1/4 cup distilled white or apple cider vinegar. 

making salsa verde in mortar and pestleMethodically pull the tender leaves from the stems. Pinch off leaves with yellow edges, brown or black spots. Discard wilted, spoiled or badly bug-eaten leaves in the compost bucket. Place the edible parts in the vinegar water as you work and submerge the mass in the water, plunging up and down several times to loosen foreign matter. Let the greens soak in the water for several minutes and the grit will fall to the bottom of the container. Lift them out and drain them. Discard the vinegar water and spin or pat the greens dry; store these ready-to-eat greens in the refrigerator.

Greens are best soon after they are harvested, however they can be washed and dried and kept refrigerated for a few days. I find that wrapping them in a cotton flour-sack towel and placing them in the crisper drawer, that they will keep for a few days.

By no means complete, since there are infinite edible weeds to be found—and they vary depending upon where you live—here are some wild weeds and seasonal greens that I forage from my yard and garden to create wild weed salsa verde, soup, salad, a mess o’greens, and more.

Some wild & seasonal greens foraged in my neck of the woods—early spring to midsummer:

Alliaria petiolata ~ garlic mustard leaves & flowers

Allium spp. ~ wild onions & garlic, bulblets & leaves 

Amaranthus spp. ~ amaranth leaves, tender stems, flowers & seeds

Chenopodium alba ~ lamb’s quarters leaves

Eruca sativa ~ arugula leaves & flowers 

Foeniculum vulgare ~ fennel leaves & flowers

Lepidium spp. ~ field cress leaves & flowers

Lindera benzoin ~ spicebush leaves & berries 

Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa ~ bee balm leaves & flowers 

Nasturtium officinale, N. tropaeolum ~ watercress & nasturtium leaves & flowers

Oxalis stricta ~ wood sorrel leaves, flowers & immature seed pods

Petroselinum spp. ~ parsley leaves & flowers

Portulaca oleracea ~ purslane stems, leaves & flowers

Rhus typhina, R. glabra, R. aromatica, R. copallinum ~  staghorn sumac, smooth, fragrant & winged sumac ripe fruit  

Rosa spp. ~ rose flowers & hips

Rubus spp. ~ raspberry & blackberry leaves, flowers & berries

Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, R. crispus ~ sorrel, sheep sorrel & yellow dock leaves

Sambucus canadensis ~ elder flowers & berries

Sonchus arvensis ~ sow thistle leaves & flowers

Stellaria media ~ chickweed leaves & flowers

Taraxacum officinale ~ dandelion leaves & flowers 

Sassafras albidum ~ sassafras leaves

 Urtica dioica, Laportea canadensis ~ stinging nettle & wood nettle leaves, flowers, seeds

Viola spp. ~ violet leaves & flowers; pansy & Johnny-jump-up flowers 

Close-up of salsa verde

wild greens salsa verde

This traditional green sauce goes well with any type of vegetable whether it is grilled, steamed, oven-roasted, or crudités; it is also good with simply prepared meat, chicken, or fish and pasta, or even tortilla chips. Vary the herbs that you have on hand, or what is in season. When I can, I make this a wild green sauce by adding whatever I can forage: dead nettle, henbit, sorrel, chickweed, dandelion greens and/or flowers, purslane, lambs’ quarters, nettles, violet leaves, field cress, bee balm, wild onions, or garlic. You can fill in with any seasonal greens from the garden if need be like parsley, fennel fronds, cilantro, arugula, spinach, etc. Sometimes I add other ingredients—about 1 tablespoon of capers, a boiled egg, chopped, or a handful of nuts like pine nuts, walnuts, or pecans. The sauce can be made without the bread; it just helps to thicken it a bit.

flavor therapy

Δ This sauce literally tap dances on your tongue with so many flavors: mineral salts, bitter, sour, sweet & umami.

Δ Highly nutritious, packed full of vitamins, minerals & fiber—this is green energy!

Makes about 2 1/2 cups

1 1-inch slice country bread, crusts removed

3 large garlic cloves, slivered

About 1/2 cup olive oil

About 3 to 4 cups of mixed edible green leaves, picked over, washed and spun dry 

1/4 cup minced sweet-tasting onion

2 tablespoons white wine vinegar

Salt & freshly ground pepper

Soak the bread in a little water for 10 minutes, then squeeze most of the liquid from it. Add the bread and the garlic to the mortar or food processor and pound or pulse to coarsely chop.

Rough chop the greens. Add them a handful at a time—and pound them in a mortar and pestle—or chop in a food processor. Use a little olive oil to loosen them.

Add the olive oil to the herbs as if making a mayonnaise, a few drops at a time, blending or pulsing to incorporate.

When most of the oil has been added, blend in the onion and vinegar. If you want to add capers, nuts or a hardboiled egg, now is the time; pulse or pound to mix. Season the sauce with salt and pepper and taste for seasoning. The sauce should be a little thinner than pesto—add a bit more oil, vinegar or even a bit of water if need be. 

Let the sauce stand at least 30 minutes before using—that way the flavors will develop and meld. Adjust the seasoning and serve at room temperature. The olive oil will not emulsify completely; a little will remain on top of the sauce. Store any leftover sauce in a tightly-covered glass container in the refrigerator for up to a week.

creative possibilities

Δ Vary the wild & cultivated greens each season to suit your taste.

Δ Use your favorite herb vinegar, balsamic or apple cider vinegar, or even lemon juice in place of white wine vinegar. Start with a little & season to taste.

Δ Leave out the bread & add a handful of ground nuts like walnuts, pecans, almonds or pumpkin seeds.

This information and recipe is excerpted from the perfect bite by Susan Belsinger, Balboa Press, 2022.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a healthcare provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Wild weed salad; 2) Washing foraged greens; 3) Wilting foraged greens; 4) Making salsa verde in mortar and pestle; 5) Close-up of salsa verde. All photos courtesy of the author.


Susan Belsinger holding a book titled "The Perfect Bite"Susan Belsinger lives an herbal life, whether she is gardening, foraging, herborizing, photographing, teaching, researching, writing, or creating herbal recipes for the kitchen or apothecary—she is passionate about all things herbal. Referred to as a “flavor artist,” Susan delights in kitchen alchemy—the blending of harmonious foods, herbs, and spices—to create real, delicious food, as well as libations, that nourish our bodies and spirits and titillate our senses. There is nothing she likes better than an herbal adventure, whether it’s a wild weed walk, herb conference, visiting gardens or cultivating her own, or the sensory experience of herbs through touch, smell, taste, and sight.

Susan is a member of the Potomac and the Ozark Units of The Herb Society of America and served as Honorary President (2018 – 2020). Her latest publication, Growing Your Own Herbs: The 40 Best Culinary Varieties for Home Gardens (2019, Timber Press), co-authored by Susan Belsinger and Arthur O. Tucker, is a revised, concise version for gardeners and cooks of The Culinary Herbal: Growing & Preserving 97 Flavorful Herbs (2016). Her latest book, the perfect bite, was published in 2022. After blogging for Taunton Press’ www.vegetablegardener.com for the past eight years, those blogs (over 484 to be exact) are now posted at https://www.finegardening.com/?s=susan%20belsinger. To order books, go to susanbelsinger.com

Cilantro—Like it or Leave it

By Maryann Readal

Cilantro leavesCilantro (Coriandrum sativuum) is an herb that elicits strong feelings of like or dislike. Those who like the herb appreciate its sagey-lemony flavor. Those who do not like it say that it tastes like soap or chemicals. Dr. Vyas of the Cleveland Clinic explains that “those who dislike cilantro tend to have a gene that detects the aldehyde part of cilantro as a soapy smell and taste” (Cleveland Clinic, 2020). These are the people who do not relish the taste of cilantro in their food. There appears to be little middle ground for appreciating the taste of cilantro.

The leaves, roots, and seeds of cilantro (the seeds are called coriander) are all edible. The seeds have a softer flavor and none of the objectionable taste of the leaves. It is interesting to note that in Europe and other countries, both the leaves and the seed are called coriander. In the US and Canada, the leaves of the plant are called cilantro and only the seeds are called coriander. Sometimes the herb is also referred to as Chinese parsley or Mexican parsley.

Cilantro in a Chinese cuisine dishCilantro originated in southwestern Asia and North Africa. Coriander, which is the seed of the plant, has been found in 8,000 year old caves in the Judean desert. The seeds were placed in the tombs of King Tut and Ramses II for their journey to the afterlife, and the Bible’s Book of Exodus compares coriander to manna that fell from heaven. Ancient Hebrews considered it one of the bitter herbs used during Passover. Its use has been recorded in ancient Chinese writings from 200 BCE, where it was thought that eating the Cilantro (coriander) seedsseeds would make one immortal. Arabs and Chinese both believed that it also stimulated sexual desire. It is mentioned in the Arabian classic, The Thousand and One Nights, as an aphrodisiac (Kowalchick, 1998), while the Roman botanist Pliny called it “a very stinking herb.” In fact, it was given the name “koris,” the Greek word for stinkbug or bedbug, because of its smell when squashed. In Pliny’s day, it was used as an antidote to poison, to heal sores, and to rid the body of parasites. Charlemagne loved it so much that he planted it in all of his gardens. The herb was brought to the New World in the 1600s where it became popular in Mexican and Latin American cuisines.

In Europe, coriander seeds were coated with layers of sugar and were served after dinner as a digestif. Many of us grew up with the famous Christmas poem “Twas the Night Before Christmas” (or “A Visit from St. Nicholas”) by Clement C. Moore where we read that “the children were nestled all snug in their beds, while visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads” (Moore, 1822). The sugar-plums in the poem referred to candied seeds such as coriander that were popular in1822 when the story was written.

Illustration from "Twas the Night Before Christmas"Thai cuisine relies heavily on cilantro leaves, seeds, and roots to flavor salads, soups, curry pastes, and herb mixes. Middle Eastern cuisines use the herb to enhance flavor in food and use it as a garnish. However, some modern chefs and herbalists echo the familiar dislike of the herb. Julia Child in a television interview in 2002 said, “Cilantro and arugula I don’t like at all. They’re both green herbs, they have kind of a dead taste to me.” Asked if she would ever order it, Child responded: “Never, I would pick it out if I saw it and throw it on the floor” (Denker, n.d.). Despite the strong opinion of Ms. Child and others, cilantro adds flavor and color to our Southwestern cuisine. Salsa and guacamole would not be the same without cilantro leaves.

The herb has been used medicinally for many, many years as well. The essential oil of cilantro is antimicrobial and antioxidant (Tucker, 2009). “Its oil flavors gin, vermouth, liqueurs, and tobacco, and is prized in perfumery” (Bown, 2001). Coriander is one of the original ingredients in the secret formula for Coca-Cola® (ABC News, 2011).

Coriandrum sativum flowersCilantro is easily sown directly into the garden, but it does prefer cooler weather. After about thirty days, white to pink umbels of flowers appear on a stalk rising from the center of the plant. These blossoms are attractive to bees and other beneficial insects and pollinators, while the leaves of the plant deter aphids and spider mites in the garden. It is an annual but reseeds easily ensuring that you have a constant supply of the flavorful herb—if you like it, that is.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a healthcare provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Cilantro leaf (Maryann Readal); 2) Cilantro leaves adorning a Chinese cuisine dish (Wikimedia Commons); 3) Coriander/Cilantro seeds (Maryann Readal); 4) Illustration from “Twas the Night Before Christmas” poem (Maryann Readal); 5) Cilantro flowers (Wikimedia Commons, Krzysztof Ziarnek).

References

ABC News. 2011. Is this the secret Coke recipe? Accessed 2/14/24. https://abcnews.go.com/Business/coca-colas-secret-formula-revealed/story?id=12914877

Bown, Deni. 2001. New encyclopedia of herbs and their uses. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited.

Cleveland Clinic. 2020. Love it or hate it—the great cilantro debate. Accessed 2/13/24. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/do-you-love-or-hate-cilantro-the-reason-may-surprise-you

Denker, Joel. n.d. Saved from the “two-headed serpent,” the curious history of coriander. Accessed 2/11/24. https://www.foodpassages.com/jottings-by-joel/intowner-columns/saved-from-the-two-headed-serpent-the-curious-history-of-coriander-part-i/

 Kowalchick, Claire and William H. Hyton. 1998. Rodale’s illustrated encyclopedia of herbs. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.

Salloum, Habeeb. 2020. Fresh coriander, an exotic herb since antiquity. Accessed 2/11/24. https://www.arabamerica.com/fresh-coriander-an-exotic-herb-since-antiquity-2/

Tucker, Arthur and Thomas Debaggio. 2009. The encyclopedia of herbs: a comprehensive reference to herbs of flavor and fragrance. Portland, OR: Timber Press.


Maryann is a member of The Herb Society of America’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. She is a Texas Master Gardener and a certified Native Landscape Specialist with the Texas Native Plant Society. She lectures and writes about herbs and plants and does herb training for Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Paprika – Hungarian Spice and Vegetable

By Maryann Readal

paprika plantPaprika, The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month for February, is the national and beloved spice of Hungary and a symbol of its cuisine. Hungarians call the pepper that is used to make the spice a paprika pepper. To them, paprika refers to a spice and a vegetable. According to Hungarian blog author Paprika Molnar: “We (Hungarians) have expressions with paprika: when we get upset, we get a “paprika-face,” or, we describe light red colour (with a shade of fiery orange) as paprika-red and that’s a lovely colour to us. Paprika is much more than just a spice. It’s like home to me and I believe it is for a lot of other people” (Molnar, 2021).

PimentonThe spice is made by drying and then grinding the red paprika pepper into a powder. Paprika peppers are a long, narrow variety of the Capsicum annuum pepper.

These red peppers were brought to Europe by Columbus from his travels to the Americas in the 15th century. The Turks traded for the pepper and brought it to Hungary, which was part of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Historians say that at first the pepper was not used as food but was used ornamentally instead. Strings of the colorful pepper were dried and strung on the castle walls of the nobility. People did not eat the pepper because they thought it was poisonous. However, during an 18th-century cholera epidemic, paprika was credited with healing a famous Hungarian poet, and it became the much loved spice of the country. 

Pepper stringsPaprika contains significant amounts of Vitamins A, B6, and E, and the antioxidant capsaicin, which helps fight cell damage in the body and also relieves pain (Streit 2023). The Hungarian scientist, Albert Szent-Gyӧrgyi, received the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology in 1937 for discovering Vitamin C and isolating it in the pepper. He found that the paprika pepper contained more Vitamin C than a lemon.  

Hungarians produce eight flavors of paprika ranging from sweet and mild to hot and spicy. The membrane and seed of the pepper is left in the pepper during the drying process in order to create the hotter flavors. Other varieties of hot peppers can also be added to create the hot and spicy variety. Today, the spice is used to make Hungary’s famous dishes, chicken paprikash and goulash, and to make sauces and sandwich spreads. Paprika gives foods their rich red color. It is a staple for every Hungarian cook and a shaker of paprika sits alongside a salt and pepper shaker on the Hungarian kitchen table (Banfalvi, 2015). A common culinary practice is to fry paprika in oil and onions before adding other ingredients when making a Hungarian recipe. 

Drying paprika in the 1960sBecause of its climate, Hungary is a major producer of paprika with production centered around the southern cities of Szeged and Kalocsa. Strings of drying paprika peppers can still be found hanging from fences in the countryside.

In Spain, the spice is called pimenton and comes in three varieties: mild, mildly spicy, and hot. It flavors chorizo, paella, and gazpacho. A characteristic of the Spanish paprika is that it has a smoky flavor due to smoking the peppers over an oak fire during the drying process. Indian cuisine also uses the spice to give a deep red color to dishes like tandoori chicken. In the United States, the spice is often sprinkled over deviled eggs, potato salad, and hummus. This practice only gives a colorful presentation of these dishes and does not impart any of the flavor of paprika. Clearly, there is much more to learn about using this spice to enhance our cooking.

Paprika pepper for sale in Budapest market.Want to change your hair color? Think of using paprika. An interesting use of paprika is its use in hair color. “By itself, it imbues hair with a reddish hue, and combined with henna unleashes the fiery redhead” (Grant, 2022). Of course, the color of the resulting hair is called “paprika.”

Find out more about paprika on HSA’s Herb of the Month webpage.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Paprika plant (Wikimedia Commons, Southern Exposure Seed Exchange); 2) Pimenton (Wikimedia Commons, Marcosgarrido88); 3) Strings of paprika peppers (Wikimedia Commons, Viana 12 Paprika 2001); 4) Drying paprika in the 1960s (The Book of Paprika, Paprika garlands in Röszke 1960s); 5) Paprika pepper for sale in Budapest market (Ken Snell).

References

Banfalvi, Carolyn, 2015. Hungarian paprika, the essential red spice. Accessed 1/25/24 .https://tastehungary.com/journal/hungarian-paprika-the-essential-red-spice/#:~:text=Paprika%20is%20a%20spice%20powder,refers%20to%20the%20peppers%20themselves

Grant, Amy. 2022. Paprika pepper info: can you grow paprika peppers in the garden. Accessed 1/13/24. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/growing-paprika-peppers.htm

Molnar, Paprika. 2021. The book of paprika. Accessed 1/15/24. https://www.paprikamolnar.hu/english/the-book-of-paprika/

Streit, Lizzie. 2023. 8 science backed benefits of paprika. Accessed 1/14/23. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/paprika-benefits

Hungarian Conservative. 2023. Paprika and peppers: a brief history of essential ingredients of Hungarian cuisine. Accessed 1/13/24. https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/paprika_peppers_america_turkey_hot-spice_goulash_chili_vitamin-c/ 

 


Maryann is a member of The Herb Society of America’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. She is a Texas Master Gardener and a certified Native Landscape Specialist with the Texas Native Plant Society. She lectures and writes about herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Herb of the Month: Allspice – Four Spices in One

By Maryann Readal

Several brown allspice berries on a wooden spoonMy mother always flavored her delicious apple pies with allspice. She did this with good reason since allspice carries the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and a tiny hint of black pepper—all of these spices, even the dash of pepper, enhance the flavor of apple pie. Perhaps that was the ingredient that made my mother’s pies so special.

Allspice, Pimenta dioica, The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month for December, has an interesting history. The plant that produces the allspice berries is actually an evergreen tree and is native to Mexico, Jamaica, and Central America. It is said that when Columbus arrived in the New World on his search for an alternative route to the spices of the East, he found allspice berries in Jamaica and thought they were peppercorns. Later, when the Spanish explorers were traveling to the West Indies and Central America, they observed indigenous peoples adding the small dark berries to their food and chocolate drink. The Spaniards thought the berries added spice and heat to their food and therefore called them “pimenta,” the Spanish word for peppercorn. Dioica was added to its name because the male and female flowers grow on different trees. Obviously, calling this tree a pepper was not correct at all. The British, who took Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655, renamed the berries allspice, but kept the botanical name for the tree (Missouri Botanical Garden, N.D.).

An illustration of Christopher Columbus landing in the new worldBy the time allspice was brought to Europe, Europeans were rather blasé about the spice because they were already accustomed to using cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves from the East. There was nothing new about this new spice, allspice. Slavery practiced on Caribbean island plantations also tarnished the reputation of products of the spice trade. A quote from a speech given by Samuel Taylor Coleridge against slavery in the late 1700s illustrates the thought at that time: “We receive from the West Indies sugar, rum, cotton, logwood, cocoa, pimento….not one of these are necessary—indeed with the exception of cotton and mahogany, we cannot in truth call them even useful” (Eddy, 2001). However, in the new American colonies, allspice was less expensive than the individual spices coming from Europe and was therefore “a thrifty alternative to the expensive spices monopolized by the Dutch colonies” (Sumner, 2004).

Early explorers tried to grow the tree from seed in their own countries, but they found the seeds impossible to germinate. It was later discovered that the seeds had to pass through the stomachs of native birds, heating and softening the seeds so that they could then germinate (Stewart, 2013).

Small white flowers of the allspice treeThe allspice tree became almost extinct during the Victorian era, when it was very fashionable to have walking canes and umbrella handles made from the fragrant, durable wood. Many trees were destroyed until Jamaica, where much of the aromatic allspice still grows, banned the export of allspice saplings in 1882 (Stewart, 2013).

In pre-Hispanic times, indigenous peoples used the leaves of the allspice tree for medicine and the berries and leaves to flavor their food. The Mayans used allspice as an embalming agent and of course to flavor their famous chocolate drink. The berries and leaves are still used in folk medicine in the West Indies, and Latin and Central America to treat a wide range of illnesses. Allspice has also been incorporated into the practice of Ayurvedic medicine. Research is ongoing into the possible use of allspice components for anticancer treatments (Zhang, 2012).

Several jars of Jamaican dried jerk seasoningAllspice is an important ingredient in Caribbean cuisines. Think of jerk seasoning, where allspice is the key ingredient. In the Caribbean, meats are seasoned with allspice and then roasted over a P. dioica wood fire. Jamaicans also infuse the berries in rum to make their characteristic drink, Pimento Dram. It is also used as the flavoring in the liqueurs Chartreuse and Benedictine. The spice is used in European pastries, pies, breads, and puddings. In many Arab dishes, allspice is the only spice used. It is also an important spice in Middle Eastern cooking where it flavors stews and meat dishes.  

A food tent of Jerk Off The Grill on a streetThe scented oil from the berry has been used in perfumes, candles, and in cosmetics. It is also used as a natural alternative for pesticides and fungicides (Zhang, 2012.) Today the trees are planted among coffee plants to shade the plants from the hot sun. The berries are picked green and dried in the sun until they are a dark brown color. When dry, the berries look like large peppercorns. Whole dried berries hold their flavor better than the ground product. Many people think that the ground spice is a combination of spices instead of the unique spice that it actually is.

For more information about allspice, visit The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month webpage. Also visit The Society’s Facebook and Instagram pages.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Allspice berries (courtesy of the author); 2) Christopher Columbus landing in the New World (Public Domain); 3) The white flowers of Pimenta diocia (Tao’olunga); 4) Jamaican jerk seasoning (courtesy of the author); 5) Street food vendor serving Jamaican jerk seasoned food (Jim Henderson)

References
Alfaro, M.A.M., V.E. Oliva, M.M. Cruz, C. Mapes, & F.B. Peña. (2004). Allspice, pepper seasoning. In C. López, P. Shanley, & A.C. Fantini (Eds.), Riches of the forest: Fruits, remedies and handicrafts in Latin America (pp. 57–60). Center for International Forestry Research.  Accessed 11/1/23. Available from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02039.20

Eddy, Kristin.( 2001). Pride of the island. Chicago: Chicago Tribune, August 29, 2001. Accessed 11/13/23. Available from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-08-29-0108290041-story.html

Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.) Pimenta dioica. Accessed 11/13/2023. Available from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282860&isprofile=1&basic=pimenta%20dioica

Stewart, Amy. (2013). The drunken botanist: The plants that create the world’s great drinks. New York, Workman Publishing.

Sumner, Judith. (2004). American household botany: A history of useful plants, 1620-1900. Portland Oregon, Timber Press. 

Zhang, L., & B.L. Lokeshwar. (2012). Medicinal properties of the Jamaican pepper plant Pimenta dioica and allspice. Current Drug Targets13(14), (pp. 1900–1906). Accessed 11/12/23. Available from https://doi.org/10.2174/138945012804545641


Maryann is a member of The Herb Society of America’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. She is a Texas Master Gardener and a certified Native Landscape Specialist with the Texas Native Plant Society. She lectures and writes about herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

The Scented Pelargonium (Family Geraniaceae)

By Caroline Amidon and Joyce Brobst (Chrissy Moore, editor)

Editor’s Note: The majority of the information provided below was extracted from various presentations and handouts delivered by Caroline and Joyce over many years, with additions from the editor.

Pelargonium 'Ardwick Cinnamon' leaves and flowersIf you aren’t familiar with the Pelargonium plant, it’s one you definitely need to add to your garden repertoire! Scented geraniums, the other name by which these beauties are known, were discovered by Europeans in the early 1600s. They spread from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa to Europe, where their introduction brought about their association with herbs and herb gardens. In their native habitat, they are perennials and often grow into small shrubs.

When introduced into France, Spain, Portugal, and England, they were sought after by wealthy collectors for cottage gardens. By 1790, approximately twenty varieties were being grown. Today, however, they are easily hybridized, and there are many varieties to choose from.

Pelargonium 'Attar of Rose'The French distilled their scented oils for the perfume industry, and they became commercially important. In North Africa, large fields were devoted to growing rose-scented types to supplement the “Attar of Rose” oils from the roses grown in Turkey. In recent years, the demand for essential oils has increased, and they are grown on Reunion Island, in Greece, Morocco, and China for this purpose.

Aside from their scent, there is good reason for renewed interest in these adaptable and undemanding plants. They have diverse growth patterns, unusual textures, and foliage ranging in color from green to dusty gray to bright yellow. Most like full sun, mulching, and regular care but will survive with little water and partial shade.

Pelargonium 'Orange Fizz'Common leaf scents attributed to this group include: rose, citrus, fruit, mint, or spice. Popular varieties include Pelargonium graveolens (rose), P. crispum (lemon), P. odoratissimum (apple), P. tomentosum (peppermint), and P. ‘Nutmeg’.

We are frequently asked questions about scented geraniums’ personalities and habits, so we have provided some answers for those unfamiliar with this charming group of plants.

Do they bloom?

Yes, but not prolifically so. The name Pelargonium means “stork’s bill” and describes the scented geranium’s long, narrow seed capsule, which forms after flowering. The flowers are small and white, rose, lavender, or mauve in color with darker markings. Most flowers are unscented and sometimes sparse but may attract attention with their special elegance.

Are they poisonous?

No. The flowers, leaves, and extracts have been safely used for centuries; however, some are not desirable for flavoring. Also, because individuals can express allergic responses, normal precautions need to be taken when using them.

Can they be grown in containers?

Pelargonium fragrans in clay potThey are excellent for container gardens. Because of the varied growth habits and versatility of this plant group, Pelargoniums can be selected for growing directly in the garden, in hanging pots, or in a container. Please note that plastic pots are convenient, but Pelargoniums do best in large clay pots and must be watered two or three times a week. It is best to research the growth habit of the type you are considering, since some types stay rather diminutive and will “drown” if planted in a pot that is too large; on the contrary, some varieties grow quite large by the end of the season and will need a larger pot to accommodate that growth so that they don’t dry out too quickly in between waterings.

What kind of care do they require?

20190711_150047 (1)If grown in a container, scented geraniums appreciate a well-drained potting mix (not topsoil). It is advisable to feed them regularly with a balanced liquid fertilizer, especially as certain varieties/cultivars can grow quite vigorously during the growing season and will need the added nutrition. If you are less “committed” to a regular liquid feed regimen, mixing in a slow-release fertilizer with the potting mix at planting time will aid the plants’ nutritional needs in between liquid fertilizations. These plants tolerate heavy pruning quite well, so remove dead or unsightly leaves or trim back branches as needed with good pruning shears just above a node (location on the stem where leaves emerge). Most varieties also propagate easily from cuttings, which makes them a great plant for sharing with friends or multiplying for your own garden displays. This also makes them kid friendly if you’d like to show this technique to children in a science class or at home.

Are they beneficial in the garden?

Leaves of Pelargonium denticulatumSome gardeners say that beneficial insects, like praying mantids and lady-bird beetles, are attracted to them, but because they are grown primarily for their leaves, they are not considered a “pollinator-attracting” plant.

What uses do they have?

The oils can be used for perfumes or personal hygiene products; the leaves are used to make rose geranium jelly or syrup for flavoring cakes or sugars; the dried leaves are excellent additions to potpourris, sachets, and sleep pillows; and the plants are wonderful in gardens designed for children or the visually impaired. The plants can be shaped into topiaries, standards, or even bonsai.

Pelargonium in garden display with variegated pineapple and purple basilWhere can I buy scented geraniums?

Most retail nurseries or big-box stores don’t carry these great plants, but they should! Occasionally, you’ll see a select few in their herb section. Therefore, the best places to locate them are at local herb growers or herb plant sales, or through specialty catalogs. Many Herb Society of America units around the country conduct such plant sales, and Pelargoniums are often in their inventory. Some examples* of scented geranium growers include, but are not limited to:

  • Geraniaceae, California
  • Richter’s Herbs, Canada
  • Well Sweep Herb Farm, New Jersey
  • Sandy Mush Herb Nursery, North Carolina

Pelargonium in garden displayAs you work with these plants, you will want to find more varieties to add to your garden. Many creative uses develop because of their wonderful scents, variety of textures and colors, and their rapid growth. They bring much pleasure and delight to any garden. As you plan your next growing season, we encourage you to add one or many scented geraniums to your garden. We guarantee you will be pleasantly surprised!

*The Herb Society of America (HSA) does not endorse individual businesses. But, if you are seeking additional information, HSA is a great resource for most herb-related inquiries.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Pelargonium ‘Ardwick Cinnamon’ (C. Moore); 2) Pelargonium ‘Attar of Roses’ (J. Adams); 3) Pelargonium ‘Orange Fiz’ (C. Moore); 4) Pelargonium ‘Staghorn Oak’ flowers and Pelargonium panduriforme seedheads (C. Moore); 5) Pelargonium fragrans in a clay pot (C. Moore); 6) Pelargonium cv. in a mixed container (C. Moore); 7) Pelargonium denticulatum leaves (K. Codrington-White); 8 & 9) Pelargonium cv. in mixed garden bed planting (C. Moore).

Additional References

In the many years that we have been collecting and growing the scented geraniums, we have worked diligently to provide correct nomenclature (the official naming of something) for the species or cultivars we are growing, lecturing, or writing about. The references listed below have reliable nomenclature, which helps when locating a particular plant.

Books

Becker, Jim and Faye Brawner. 1996. Scented geraniums:  Knowing, growing, and enjoying scented Pelargoniums. Interweave Press: Loveland, Colorado.

  • This is a great book for someone just getting to know the scented Pelargoniums.

Brawner, Faye. 2003. Geraniums: The complete encyclopedia. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.: Atglen, PA.

  • An excellent book providing information on all types of geraniums with background history on the plants.

Crocker, Pat, Caroline Amidon, and Joyce Brobst. 2006. Scented geranium, Pelargonium, 2006 Herb of the Year. Riversong Studios, Ltd.: Ontario, Canada.

  • A guide to the history of scented geraniums, commonly grown varieties, and recipes for their use.

Miller, Diana. 1996. Pelargoniums: A gardener’s guide to the species and their hybrids and cultivars. Timber Press, Inc.: Portland, Oregon.

  • An excellent reference for the serious grower or collector.

van der Walt, J.J.A. and P.J. Vorster. Pelargoniums of South Africa. (3 Volumes, 1979, 1981, 1988). National Botanic Gardens: Kirstenbosch, South Africa.

  • A phenomenal three-volume series for anyone interested in pelargoniums. The illustrations are from original watercolors, which show all the exact features (flowers, leaves, and growth habit) of each plant included. In addition, wonderful descriptions of where these plants thrive in their native habitat of Southern Africa are clearly stated for each plant. This series is generally available in research libraries.

Periodicals

Amidon, Caroline, and Joyce Brobst. 2001. “Fun with Pelargoniums.” The Herbarist. Issue 67. The Herb Society of America.

Amidon, Caroline, and Joyce Brobst. 2005. “Heaven scent, a world of fun with Pelargoniums.” Green Scene. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

Amidon, Caroline, and Joyce Brobst. 2005. “To grow Pelargoniums is to know them.” The Herbarist. Issue 71. The Herb Society of America.


Caroline Amidon (now deceased) was Past President of The Herb Society of America (1996 -1998). She was awarded the Helen de Conway Little Medal of Honor from The Herb Society of America (2002), as well as The Nancy Putnam Howard Award for Horticultural Excellence (2005). Caroline was an honorary member of both The Philadelphia Unit and the PA Heartland Unit of The Herb Society of America. Caroline held various offices in and served on many committees for the Philadelphia Unit of HSA, as well as participated in the HSA registered plant collections program (Pelargonium species) and authored or co-authored numerous articles and texts.

Joyce Brobst is a Past President of The Herb Society of America (1998-2000). She was awarded the Helen de Conway Little Medal of Honor (2006) and the Nancy Putnam Howard Award for Excellence in Horticulture (2011). Joyce, an honorary member of both the PA Heartland Unit and Philadelphia Unit, has held offices and served on committees for both units. She is a Founders Circle member and is GreenBridges Garden certified. She, along with Caroline, has participated in the HSA registered plant collections program (Pelargonium species) and has authored or co-authored numerous articles and texts over the years.

Remember Rosemary – Herb of the Month

By Maryann Readal

Rosemary plantRosemary, The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month for November, is going through an identity crisis. Since the mid-18th century, the botanical name for rosemary has been Rosmarinus officinalis. However, after DNA research on the plant, scientists at the Royal Horticultural Society in London have decided that the characteristics of rosemary are more closely aligned with the Salvia genus and have, therefore, reclassified rosemary as Salvia rosmarinus. The common name will continue to be rosemary, however. John David, Head of the RHS Taxonomy Group, stated that “we cannot ignore what science is telling us, and clarity on a plant’s DNA helps us better understand its growth habits and cultural needs” (RHS, N.D.). Along with rosemary, Russian sage, Perovskia atriplicifolia, was also reclassified as a Salvia, as well as a few other garden plants.

But whether rosemary is classified as salvia or as rosemary, it will always be considered a rosemary to today’s gardeners. It will always have the same medicinal and culinary uses. It will always have the same stories and legends associated with it. This new identity challenge will only add another interesting chapter to its history. 

St. Elizabeth of HungaryThe first mention of rosemary was found on cuneiform tablets in 5000 BCE. Early Egyptians used it for embalming. Since Greek times, rosemary has been considered the “brain herb,” one that could increase memory and alertness. For that reason, Greek students wore crowns of rosemary when taking their exams. The historic Queen of Hungary Water, or Hungary Water, an infusion of rosemary in alcohol, was created by a monk to cure the headaches and joint pain of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary in the 14th century. The Queen claimed that it worked!

Religious lore also includes stories about rosemary. Since early times, rosemary has been associated with the Blessed Mother, who supposedly threw her cloak over a white-flowered rosemary bush while escaping Herod with her family. Legend has it that when she picked up her cloak, the white flowers had turned to blue. And there is an old belief that a rosemary bush could never grow higher than 6 feet in 33 years, because it could not stand taller than Christ (Kowalchik, 1998).

During the Middle Ages, people believed that rosemary could protect them from evil spirits. So, they placed rosemary under their pillows and hung branches outside their doors. The herb did double duty when people placed rosemary branches on their floors in order to keep their houses fragrant and insect-free. During the times of the plague, branches were burned in the home because it was thought that it would keep sickness away. 

'Tuscan Blue' rosemaryRosemary was, and still is, considered to be the herb of remembrance. Sprigs were placed in wedding bouquets as a symbol of fidelity. Historically, a sprig of rosemary was placed on a coffin or given to those attending a funeral (Brown, 2023). (Editor’s Note: For a reference to this practice in an important archaeological discovery at Historic St. Mary’s City, Maryland, see The Lead Coffins Project Collaboration – Research – Historic St. Mary’s City – A Museum of History & Archaeology at Maryland’s First Capital “Understanding What You Have” section.) Shakespeare’s works contain many references to herbs, rosemary being one of them. In Act IV of Hamlet, the unbalanced Ophelia opens her speech at her father’s funeral with “There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance; pray you love, remember.” There have been many interpretations of these nine words: Was Ophelia asking for remembrance of her father or was she foreshadowing remembrance of herself after her untimely death? (Christianson, 2023; Isabel, 2022).

Prostrate rosemary in a containerRosemary is native to the Mediterranean area, where it thrives in well-draining, sandy soil and plenty of sunshine. Its name means “dew of the sea,” recalling its native habitat. It is winter hardy in USDA Zones 8-10, although recent cold winters in Zone 8 make hardiness in that zone questionable with the exception of the ‘Arp cultivar, which can withstand lower temperatures. Rosemary is an evergreen plant with very fragrant, needle-like, gray-green leaves. It blooms December through April, although its blue-white flowers may appear throughout the summer as well. It is deer resistant. There are many varieties of rosemary, including a prostrate variety, which looks great cascading over a wall or in a container or hanging basket. Prostrate or upright rosemary can be grown in a container and overwintered inside in colder climates. However, the roots are susceptible to root rot if the soil does not drain well.

Galician Garbanzo soupRosemary is also a culinary herb that can be used fresh or dried. It accents the flavor of meats, fish, and vegetables, and is a great addition to stews, stuffing, vinegars, herbal salts, and butters. Its essential oil is used in perfumes, soaps, lotions, and shampoos, while the fragrant flowers and leaves are used in sachets and potpourris.

For more information about rosemary, please see The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month : Herb Information : Learn and follow postings about the herb on The Society’s Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest social media.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Rosemary plant (Salvia rosmarinus syn. Rosmarinus officinalis) (M. Readal); 2) St. Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary (Public Domain); 3) Salvia rosmarinus ‘Tuscan Blue’ (M. Readal); 4) Prostrate rosemary in container (M. Readal); 5) Galician Garbanzo soup with rosemary (Ruthie Hansen, Creative Commons).

References:

Brown, Barbara. 2023. Rosemary. Texas Gardener: November/December 2023, pg. 20-21.

Christensen, Tricia. 2023. What does “rosemary for remembrance” mean? https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-does-rosemary-for-remembrance-mean.htm

Kovalchick, Claire and William H. Hylton, Editors. 1998. Rodale’s illustrated encyclopedia of herbs. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. 

Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. N.D. Salvia rosmarinus. Accessed 10/12/23. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=444418&isprofile=1&basic=rosemary

Royal Horticultural Society. N.D. Rosemary becomes a sage. Accessed 10/12/23. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/articles/misc/rosemary-becomes-a-sage

Steven, Isabel. 2022. Rosemary for Shakespeare. Accessed 10/12/23. https://rosenbach.org/blog/rosemary-for-shakespeare/.


Maryann is a board member of The Herb Society of America and a Texas Master Gardener. She is a member of The Society’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. Maryann is also a certified Native Landscape Specialist. She lectures on herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Herb of the Month: “Open Sesame”

By Maryann Readal

Painting of Ali Baba in Arabian Nights by Maxfield ParrishEveryone is familiar with this famous quote from the ancient Arabic folktale, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, where Ali Baba uses the magical phrase to open a cave where stolen treasures are hidden and where his brother Cassim is trapped. The story is one of the most popular tales in the Arabian Nights. The Babylonians considered sesame seed to have magical properties, and some say that this is the reason why Ali Baba used the phrase “Open, sesame” to open the cave. Others say that the phrase mimics the way the sesame seed pod opens. It pops open when the seeds are mature–just what Ali Baba hoped would happen to the blocked cave entrance in front of him. Another explanation is simply that Ali Baba just overheard the thieves saying “Open Sesame” to open the cave. 

There are some other old stories about sesame. An Assyrian myth claims the gods were enjoying sesame seed wine before they created the earth (Schlosser, 2007). The Hindus believed that the god of the dead, Yama, created sesame for use as a purifier and a symbol of immortality in death rituals (Hayes, 1961). 

A woman shakes out a bundle of dried sesame plants over a tarpSesame is considered to be the oldest seed for making oil known to man. It is, indeed, a very old spice. Sesame, Sesamum indicum L., is the sesame species that has been cultivated in India for centuries. Many wild and native species of the plant grow in sub-Saharan Africa. Some say that the Chinese burned the seed oil in their lamps and used the oil to make ink for their ink blocks 5000 years ago. Archaeologists have found charred pieces of sesame seed in India dating back to around 3500 B.C. The Indians were trading sesame seed oil with the Mesopotamians around 2000 B.C. Sesame seeds were found in baskets in King Tutankhamen’s tomb. They were also listed in the Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.) as a medicinal herb. Sesame oil was a common carrier for perfumes and herbal medicines. The Romans combined sesame and cumin and ground them into a paste for their bread. They spread honey on bread coated with sesame paste to give them energy before going into battle. In Africa, the seeds were called “benne” and enslaved peoples brought the plant to the Americas and began to grow sesame there.  

Sesamum indicum plant with green seed pods and white flowersSesame is an annual plant and is easily grown in dry, hot places. Fertile ground and moderate rainfall ensures a good crop. It does require at least four months of above-freezing temperatures in order to produce the seeds. It grows to about two to six feet tall. It has a long blooming season and has a lavender or pink-tinted white,  tubular flower resembling foxglove. There are about twenty, one-inch seed pods on each plant, each containing about 100 seeds. When the seed pods are nearly ripe, the plants are cut, tied in bunches, and stood upright to dry. They are then threshed to loosen the seeds, which are collected and then hulled. The seeds can be black, white, tan, or red, depending on plant variety. Unless a special variety of sesame is planted, machines are not effective in harvesting the seeds, so the plant is usually grown by small farmers using a lot of manual labor. After processing the seed for oil, the resulting seed cake is used for animal feed or ground into flour.

In 2020, Sudan was the world’s largest producer of sesame. The U.S. produces some sesame with growing centered around Paris, TX (Tucker and Debaggio, 2009). Japan and China are the biggest importers of sesame seed, understandably, considering their cuisines. The seeds are about 45-63 percent oil (Tucker and Debaggio, 2009). The oil resists becoming rancid because of its antioxidant properties (Dunford, 2021).

Bagels topped by sesame seeds sitting on a wire rackSesame oil is an essential ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. It is used in sauces and marinades and in frying. The Middle Eastern sweet, halvah, is made from sweetened sesame seeds. Tahini is also made from sesame seeds, and is the primary ingredient in hummus and baba ghanoush. The seeds, when toasted, have a sweet, nutty flavor and make a nice topping for bagels, crackers, cookies, and, of course, hamburger buns. Sesame is also an ingredient in the Levantine spice mixture, za’atar. 

A bottle of sesame oilThe health benefits of sesame and its oil are many. Sesame has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine for a long time. The leaves of sesame contain mucilage and have been used as a laxative and to treat cholera and dysentery. Studies show that the active components in sesame oil help to inhibit prostate and breast cancer and other tumor growth, and to lower cholesterol levels (Dunford, 2021). The component, sesamine, is used to treat arthritis. The oil is also good for the scalp to treat dandruff and lice. Because of its astringency, sesame seed oil may aid in improving dull and aging skin and can tighten large pores (Glenn, 2020). Sesame oil is a rich source of antioxidants and fatty acids, which are important for heart health (WebMD, 2022). However, sesame has recently been found to be the ninth major allergen in the U.S. and products containing sesame seed must now be labeled as containing an allergen (Dunford, 2021).

Sesame is The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month for October. For more interesting information about sesame, please visit The Society’s website and Facebook pages. There is good information in both of those places.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Arabian Nights by Maxfield Parrish (Public Domain); 2) Harvesting sesame seeds (Matthew James Read); 3) Sesamum indicum plant with flowers and seed pods (Chrissy Moore); 4) Sesame seed bagel (Shisma, via Wikimedia Commons); 5) A bottle of sesame oil (Amazon)

References

Chevallier, Andrew. 2000. Encyclopedia of herbal medicine. New York: Dorling Kindersley.

Dunford, Nurhan Turgut. 2021. Sesame oil properties. Accessed 9/9/23. Available from: https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/sesame-seed-oil-properties.html#:~:text=Sesame%20oil%20may%20contain%20up,cancer%2C%20and%20alleviating%20postmenopausal%20syndrome

Glenn, Lori. 2020. Sesame Oil. Accessed 9/1/23. Available from: https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbclip/herbclip-news/2020/sesame-oil/

Hayes, Elizabeth S. 1961. Spices and herbs around the world. New York: Doubleday.

Herbalist of MDidea Extracts Professional. 2015. Sesame: origin, history, etymology and mythology. Accessed 9/9/23. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134833/https://mdidea.com/products/new/new06704.html

Schlosser, Katherine. 2007. The Herb Society of America’s essential guide to growing and cooking with herbs. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.

Tucker, Arthur and Thomas Debaggio. 2009. Encyclopedia of herbs. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

WebMD. 2022. Sesame oil: is it good for you? Accessed 9/9/23. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/diet/sesame-oil-good-for-you


Maryann is a board member of The Herb Society of America and a Texas Master Gardener. She is a member of The Society’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. Maryann is also a certified Native Landscape Specialist. She lectures on herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Herb of the Month: Aleppo Pepper – An Intriguing Flavor

By Maryann Readal

A bag of Aleppo peppersThe Aleppo pepper, also known as the Halaby pepper (Halab is the ancient name for the city Aleppo) has its origins in the city of Aleppo in northern Syria. Aleppo is one of the oldest cities in the world and was on the crossroads of the Silk Road 1,500 years ago. Unfortunately, the recent Syrian Civil War has left much of this ancient city in ruins. What the war did not destroy, the recent earthquake in February unfortunately added to its devastation. 

A dish of Aleppo muhammaraOne of the many results of the civil war in Syria was the disruption of trade of one of the area’s signature spices, the Aleppo pepper, Capsicum annuum ‘Aleppo’. It is interesting that the parent of this famous pepper has its roots in the Americas, where Christopher Columbus and later explorers found Capsicum annuum growing. Explorers brought the hot pepper back to Spain and from there it traveled to the Middle East where, because of the unique environment and soil, it grew into the very flavorful red Aleppo pepper.  The exchange of herbs, spices, and vegetables between the new and the old world is referred to as the Columbian Exchange.

A copper pot full of crushed Aleppo pepper, surrounded by whole peppersThe ground Aleppo pepper was, and is today, a highly sought after spice around the world. Unfortunately, the recent war was catastrophic for those who grew the pepper, and it became scarce. Some Syrian growers gathered seeds and moved to nearby Turkey to continue growing the plant. Turkish farmers also began growing the pepper; but, because of the different soil and environment, connoisseurs feel that the taste of the peppers grown in Turkey and other places is not as good as the peppers grown in Aleppo. Hopefully, the people of Aleppo will recover from the war and recent earthquake in order to begin growing their famous pepper plant again.

Food vendors in Syria serve Aleppo peppersThe Aleppo pepper is 10,000 Scoville Heat Units on the Scoville scale, twice as hot as the jalapeno pepper at 5,000 units, but less hot than the Serrano pepper at 23,000 units. The flavor is described as mildly hot and raisin-like with a hint of sun-dried tomatoes. It also has a slightly salty taste because after removing the seeds and drying the peppers, they are crushed with salt and olive oil and left to dry further. The heat of the pepper is not felt immediately as you eat it. The heat comes a bit later. Some say the taste is out of this world and leaves you begging for more. The pepper is a natural for grilled meats and kebabs, pasta, and chili. It is a key ingredient in muhammara, a Syrian roasted pepper dip.

The Capsicums have a number of health benefits. They contain more Vitamin A than any other food plant. They are also high in Vitamin B. Because the capsaicin in the pepper causes an increase in saliva and gastric juice production, eating the pepper can be an aid to digestion. It is now being used in some medicines to treat pain, shingles, toothache, and arthritis (Nunn, 2010). 

Aleppo pepper plantAleppo pepper may be difficult to find in a neighborhood grocery store. Middle Eastern markets will have it or it can be purchased online. I have found that its unique taste is worth the extra effort to find so that you can include it in your cooking.

Aleppo pepper, Capsicum annuum ‘Aleppo’, is The Herb Society’s Herb of the Month for September. For more information, recipes, and a beautiful screen saver, go to Herb of the Month : Herb Information : Learn : Herb Society of America

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) A bag of crushed Aleppo peppers (courtesy of the author); 2) Muhamarra dip (Whats4eats.com); 3) Crushed Aleppo peppers (Amazon.com); 5) Aleppo peppers being served in Syria (Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0); 5) Whole Aleppo pepper plant (Strictly Medicinal Seeds)

References

Barrow, Cathy. 2016. How Syria’s famous Aleppo pepper might be saved. Accessed 8/27/23. Available from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-syrias-famous-aleppo-pepper-might-be-saved

Maggio, Yasmin. 2023. What is Aleppo pepper? Accessed 8/26/23. Available from: https://www.seriouseats.com/what-is-aleppo-pepper-6828921

Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. 2010. “The Columbian Exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 (2) (May): 163–188. Accessed 8/26/23. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.24.2.163

 


Maryann is a board member of The Herb Society of America and a Texas Master Gardener. She is a member of The Society’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. Maryann is also a certified Native Landscape Specialist. She lectures on herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Herb of the Month: Lemongrass – A Lemony Herb

By Maryann Readal

Lemongrass in the gardenWest Indian lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, is a fragrant member of the grass family (Poaceae). It has long, sharp-edged, narrow leaves and edible, small bulbous roots that resemble scallions. The plant is used as an ornamental grass in the garden, growing quite tall in a single season. It is evergreen in Zones 10 and 11, and the roots are winter hardy to Zones 8b, if protected. The foliage turns brown in the winter and should be trimmed back in the spring before new growth starts. It is an annual plant in zones lower than 8b.

lemongrass bulbsLemongrass can be grown from seed, or the crown and rhizome can be divided to create new plants. New plants can also be started from stalks purchased from a grocery store’s produce section. It rarely produces a flower when grown as an annual plant. It needs full sun, fertile soil, and adequate water and will grow easily in a container.

Lemongrass is native to Southeast Asia and is used in the cuisines of those countries. The long arching narrow leaves and bulbs have a distinct lemon scent. Both are used to flavor soups, fish, seafood stews, curry, poultry, and sauces. After removing the fibrous outer layer, the bulb should be chopped fine or mashed. The leaves are added to soups to give a lemon flavor but should be removed before eating. Its herbal lemon flavor is a nice addition to cookies and cakes, puddings, and sweet desserts. The leaves can also be used to make a lemony tea. The stalks can be frozen or cut up and dried for later use.  

Lemongrass chicken soupIn India, the plant is used mostly for medicine. It is believed to have cooling properties and is sometimes called “fever grass.” It is used to treat stomachaches, digestive problems, and inflammation (Stephanie Lyon, N.D.). Lemongrass tea is thought to be antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant, and is also considered to be calming. Lemongrass is high in Vitamin A and is used in the “compounding of vitamins” (Madeline Hill, 1997). More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of lemongrass on illness.

The essential oil of lemongrass is used in soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes. The ability of lemongrass to hide odors was recognized by Southeast Asians long ago. It was added to bathwater, and the distilled oil from the plant was combed through the hair and added to deodorant and lotions. Lemongrass was not known in Europe until the 17th century. At that time, lemongrass essential oil was very expensive and could only be afforded by the wealthy, who used it to mask body odors (Grant, 2018). Lemongrass became popular in South America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and the United States after World War I (Specialty Produce, N.D.).

Lemongrass teaThe essential oil is also used by beekeepers to imitate a pheromone to attract bees to the hive or swarm (Hobbs, 2022).

Lemongrass is the Herb Society of America’s Herb of the Month for August. For more information, recipes, and a screensaver, please visit the website.

Medicinal Disclaimer: It is the policy of The Herb Society of America, Inc. not to advise or recommend herbs for medicinal or health use. This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as a recommendation or an endorsement of any particular medical or health treatment. Please consult a health care provider before pursuing any herbal treatments.

Photo Credits: 1) Lemongrass in the garden (Jean Marsh); Lemongrass bulbs (Wikimedia Commons, Hakcipta Mohamed Yosri); 3) Lemongrass in chicken soup (Wikimedia Commons, jeffrey w); 4) Lemongrass tea (Wikimedia Commons, Gatete Pacifique).

References

Bown, Deni. 2001. The Herb Society of America new encyclopedia of herbs & their uses. London: Dorling Kindersley.

Grant, Bonnie. 2018. Uses for lemongrass: learn about lemongrass history. Accessed 6/21/13. https://blog.gardeningknowhow.com/tbt/lemongrass-history-and-uses/

Hill, Madalene and Gwen Barclay. 1997. Southern herb growing. Houston: Shearer Publishing.

Hobbs, Wayne. 2022. Herb stories: all about that lemongrass. Accessed 7/16/23. https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/clayco/2022/03/21/herb-stories-all-about-that-lemongrass/

Lyon, Stephanie. (N.D.) Lemongrass. Accessed 6/21/23. 

https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/clayco/2022/03/21/herb-stories-all-about-that-lemongrass/

Specialty Produce. N.D. Lemongrass. Accessed 6/25/23. https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Lemongrass_320.php


Maryann is a board member of The Herb Society of America and a Texas Master Gardener. She is a member of The Society’s Texas Thyme Unit in Huntsville, TX. Maryann is also a certified Native Landscape Specialist. She lectures on herbs and plants and does the herb training for several Master Gardener programs. She gardens among the pines in the Piney Woods of East Texas.

Cutting Celery: A Kitchen Staple in the Garden

By Peggy Riccio

Parsley-like leaves of cutting celeryCutting celery is a great culinary herb to have in your garden. Unlike stalk celery from a grocery store, cutting celery is full of flavor, reminiscent of black pepper. Cutting celery (Apium graveolens var. secalinum) looks more like parsley than stalk celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce). This foot-tall, bushy plant has short, hollow stems and green, finely serrated leaves about one inch wide. Cutting celery is a very old herb, more popular in European and Asian countries. It is not difficult to grow but probably difficult to find as a plant here in the Washington D.C. area. I started my original plants from seed under lights, several weeks before the last frost in the spring. Mine are a variety called Amsterdam, from Renee’s Garden. I transplanted the seedlings outside in May, in a very moist area. This particular area is a depression in the vegetable bed where rain water collects. Celery needs a constant supply of moisture and a few shots of nitrogen in the summer. Mine are in an area that receives morning sun and afternoon shade.

Cutting celery is cold hardy and survives our mild winters very well. A member of the carrot family, this biennial plant will have lush foliage in the first year (best for eating) and will flower, set seed, and die in the second year. I have several plants so that each year I can harvest the first year’s growth. For the plants that are flowering and setting seed, I wait until the seeds are ripe and just crumble the seed heads in the same area in order to have new plants.

Sparse white flowers and parsley-like leaves of cutting celeryOnce you start cooking with cutting celery, you realize its value as a kitchen staple. I cut stems as I need them and chop leaves and stems together simply because it is easiest. I add the mix to stir fry dishes, soups, stews, egg dishes and potato recipes toward the end of the cooking period. Sometimes I add about a spoonful to a green salad to add a peppery flavor in small amounts. I also sauté chopped celery with diced green pepper and tomato to add to fish or chicken. The leaves can be used as a garnish. I like to place a bunch under an entrée such as a whole roasted chicken on a platter.

Try growing cutting celery in your garden from seed. If you do not have indoor grow lights, just sow seeds in your garden bed after Mother’s Day when frost has passed. Once you use cutting celery in the kitchen you will find you can’t have a garden without it. 

Photo Credits: 1) Foliage of first year’s growth of cutting celery; 2) Flowers forming on second year’s growth of cutting celery. All photos courtesy of the author.


riccioPeggy Riccio is the owner of pegplant.com, an online resource for gardening in the Washington, D.C. metro area; past president of the Potomac Unit; and current mid-Atlantic District Delegate of the Herb Society of America.